Acronym Definition
LWPT Local Watson Poker Tour
LWPT Local Wavelet Packet Transform
LWPT Local Waypoint
LWPT Local Windfall Profit
LWPT Local Wireless Personal Terminal
LWPT Local Wireless Power Transmission
LWPT Local Wisconsin Public Television
LWPT Local Wonderlic Personnel Test
LWPT Local Word Processing Technician
LWPT Local Work and Parents Taskforce (UK)
LWPT Local World Poker Tour
LWPT Local Wideband Packet Technology
LWPT Local Word Perfect Template
LWPT Local Write Protect Tab
For the use of the term in networking, see Wireless networking. For the British
rock band, see Wireless (band).
The term wireless is normally used to refer to any type of electrical or
electronic operation which is accomplished without the use of a "hard wired"
connection. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a
distance without the use of electrical conductors or "wires". The distances
involved may be short (a few meters as in television remote control) or very
long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications). When
the context is clear the term is often simply shortened to "wireless". Wireless
communications is generally considered to be a branch of telecommunications.
IT. It encompasses cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and
wireless networking. Other examples of wireless technology include GPS units,
garage door openers and or garage doors, wireless computer mice and keyboards,
satellite television and cordless telephones.
Introduction
Enlarge picture
Handheld wireless radios such as this Maritime VHF radio transceiver use
electromagnetic waves to implement a form of wireless communications technology.
Wireless operations permits services, such as long range communications, that
are impossible or impractical to implement with the use of wires. The term is
commonly used in the telecommunications industry to refer to telecommunications
systems (e.g., radio transmitters and receivers, remote controls, computer
networks, network terminals, etc.) which use some form of energy (e.g. radio
frequency (RF), infrared light, laser light, visible light, acoustic energy,
etc.) to transfer information without the use of wires. Information is
transferred in this manner over both short and long distances.
Wireless communication may be via:
* radio frequency communication,
* microwave communication, for example long-range line-of-sight via highly
directional antennas, or short-range communication, or
* infrared (IR) short-range communication, for example from remote controls or
via IRDA,
Applications may involve point-to-point communication, point-to-multipoint
communication, broadcasting , cellular networks and other wireless networks.
The term "wireless" should not be confused with the term "cordless", which is
generally used to refer to powered electrical or electronic devices that are
able to operate from a portable power source (e.g., a battery pack) without any
cable or cord to limit the mobility of the cordless device through a connection
to the mains power supply. Some cordless devices, such as cordless telephones,
are also wireless in the sense that information is transferred from the cordless
telephone to the telephone's base unit via some type of wireless communications
link. This has caused some disparity in the usage of the term "cordless", for
example in Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications.
In the last 50 years, wireless communications industry experienced drastic
changes driven by many technology innovations.
History
Further information: History of radio
The term "wireless" came into public use to refer to a radio receiver or
transceiver (a dual purpose receiver and transmitter device), establishing its
usage in the field of wireless telegraphy early on; now the term is used to
describe modern wireless connections such as in cellular networks and wireless
broadband Internet. It is also used in a general sense to refer to any type of
operation that is implemented without the use of wires, such as "wireless remote
control", "wireless energy transfer", etc. regardless of the specific technology
(e.g., radio, infrared, ultrasonic, etc.) that is used to accomplish the
operation.
Early wireless work
David E. Hughes, eight years before Hertz's experiments, induced electromagnetic
waves in a signalling system. Hughes transmitted Morse code by an induction
apparatus. In 1878, Hughes's induction transmission method utilized a "clockwork
transmitter" to transmit signals. In 1885, T. A. Edison uses a vibrator magnet
for induction transmission. In 1888, Edison deploys a system of signalling on
the Lehigh Valley Railroad. In 1891, Edison attains the wireless patent for this
method using inductance (U.S. Patent 465,971 ).
In the history of wireless technology, the demonstration of the theory of
electromagnetic waves by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz in 1888 was important. The theory
of electromagnetic waves were predicted from the research of James Clerk Maxwell
and Michael Faraday. Hertz demonstrated that electromagnetic waves could be
transmitted and caused to travel through space at straight lines and that they
were able to be received by an experimental apparatus. The experiments were not
followed up by Hertz and the practical applications of the wireless
communication and remote control technology would be implemented by Nikola
Tesla.
The electromagnetic spectrum
Light, colors, AM and FM radio, and many popular electronic devices all work on
the electromagnetic spectrum. In the US the frequencies that are available for
use for communication are treated as a public resource and are regulated by the
Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This determines which frequency ranges
can be used for what purpose and by whom. In the absence of such control, chaos
might result if, for example, airlines didn't have specific frequencies to work
under and a ham radio operator was interfering with the pilot's ability to land
an airplane. Wireless communication spans the spectrum from 9 kHz to 300 GHz.
Applications of wireless technology
Security systems
Wireless technology may supplement or replace hard wired implementations in
security systems for homes or office buildings. The operations that are required
(e.g., detecting whether a door or window is open or closed) may be implemented
with the use of hard wired sensors or they may be implemented with the use of
wireless sensors which are also equipped with a wireless transmitter (e.g.,
infrared, radio frequency, etc.) to transmit the information concerning the
current state of the door or window.
Television remote control
Some televisions were previously manufactured with hard wired remote controls
which plugged in to a receptacle or jack in the television whereas more modern
televisions use wireless (generally infrared) remote control units.
Cellular telephones
Perhaps the best known example of wireless technology is the cellular telephone.
These instruments use radio waves to enable the operator to make phone calls
from many locations world-wide. They can be used anywhere that there is a
cellular telephone site to house the equipment that is required to transmit and
receive the signal that is used to transfer both voice and data to and from
these instruments. (For more information see mobile phones).
Wireless communication
Wireless is a term used to describe telecommunications in which electromagnetic
waves (rather than some form of wire) carry the signal over part or the entire
communication path. Common examples of wireless equipment in use today include:
* Cellular phones and pagers: provide connectivity for portable and mobile
applications, both personal and business.
* Global Positioning System (GPS): allows drivers of cars and trucks, captains
of boats and ships, and pilots of aircraft to ascertain their location anywhere
on earth.
* Cordless computer peripherals: the cordless mouse is a common example;
keyboards and printers can also be linked to a computer via wireless.
* Cordless telephone sets: these are limited-range devices, not to be confused
with cell phones.
* Satellite television: allows viewers in almost any location to select from
hundreds of channels.
Wireless networking is used to meet a variety of needs. Perhaps the most common
use is to connect laptop users who travel from location to location. Another
common use is for mobile networks that connect via satellite. A wireless
transmission method is a logical choice to network a LAN segment that must
frequently change locations. The following situations justify the use of
wireless technology:
* To span a distance beyond the capabilities of typical cabling,
* To avoid obstacles such as physical structures, EMI, or RFI,
* To provide a backup communications link in case of normal network failure,
* To link portable or temporary workstations,
* To overcome situations where normal cabling is difficult or financially
impractical, or
* To remotely connect mobile users or networks.
Environmental concerns and health hazards
Recently there have been concerns risen and research conducted concerning usage
of wireless communications and its possible relation to poor concentration,
memory loss, nausea, premature senility and even cancer.
Categories of wireless implementations, devices and standards
* ;Broadcasting
* ;Amateur radio
* ;Communication radio
* ;Cordless telephony:DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications)
* ;Cellular systems:0G, 1G, 2G, 3G, Beyond 3G (4G), Future wireless
* ;Short-range point-to-point communication : Wireless microphones, Remote
controls, IrDA, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), Wireless USB, DSRC
(Dedicated Short Range Communications), EnOcean, Near Field Communication
* ;Wireless sensor networks : ZigBee, EnOcean; Personal area networks,
Bluetooth, Ultra-wideband (UWB from WiMedia Alliance).
* ;Wireless computer networks: Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN), (IEEE 802.11
branded as WiFi and HIPERLAN), Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN) and
Broadband Fixed Access (BWA) (LMDS, WiMAX, and HIPERMAN)
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